/**
 * 
 */
package cn.batch.daemon.util;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

/**
 * @author Jiesson Davie
 * 2008-1-25 
 */
public class ArrayUtil
{
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Object</code> array.
        */
       public static final Object[] EMPTY_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Object[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Class</code> array.
        */
       public static final Class[] EMPTY_CLASS_ARRAY = new Class[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>String</code> array.
        */
       public static final String[] EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY = new String[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>long</code> array.
        */
       public static final long[] EMPTY_LONG_ARRAY = new long[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Long</code> array.
        */
       public static final Long[] EMPTY_LONG_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Long[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>int</code> array.
        */
       public static final int[] EMPTY_INT_ARRAY = new int[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Integer</code> array.
        */
       public static final Integer[] EMPTY_INTEGER_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Integer[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>short</code> array.
        */
       public static final short[] EMPTY_SHORT_ARRAY = new short[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Short</code> array.
        */
       public static final Short[] EMPTY_SHORT_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Short[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>byte</code> array.
        */
       public static final byte[] EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY = new byte[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Byte</code> array.
        */
       public static final Byte[] EMPTY_BYTE_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Byte[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>double</code> array.
        */
       public static final double[] EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY = new double[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Double</code> array.
        */
       public static final Double[] EMPTY_DOUBLE_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Double[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>float</code> array.
        */
       public static final float[] EMPTY_FLOAT_ARRAY = new float[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Float</code> array.
        */
       public static final Float[] EMPTY_FLOAT_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Float[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>boolean</code> array.
        */
       public static final boolean[] EMPTY_BOOLEAN_ARRAY = new boolean[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Boolean</code> array.
        */
       public static final Boolean[] EMPTY_BOOLEAN_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Boolean[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>char</code> array.
        */
       public static final char[] EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY = new char[0];
       /**
        * An empty immutable <code>Character</code> array.
        */
       public static final Character[] EMPTY_CHARACTER_OBJECT_ARRAY = new Character[0];

       /**
        * <p>ArrayUtils instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.
        * Instead, the class should be used as <code>ArrayUtils.clone(new int[] {2})</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean instance
        * to operate.</p>
        */
       private ArrayUtil() {
           // NOTHING
       }
       
//       // Basic methods handling multi-dimensional arrays
//       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
//       /**
//        * <p>Outputs an array as a String, treating <code>null</code> as an empty array.</p>
//        *
//        * <p>Multi-dimensional arrays are handled correctly, including
//        * multi-dimensional primitive arrays.</p>
//        *
//        * <p>The format is that of Java source code, for example <code>{a,b}</code>.</p>
//        * 
//        * @param array  the array to get a toString for, may be <code>null</code>
//        * @return a String representation of the array, '{}' if null array input
//        */
//       public static String toString(Object array) {
//           return toString(array, "{}");
//       }

//       /**
//        * <p>Outputs an array as a String handling <code>null</code>s.</p>
//        *
//        * <p>Multi-dimensional arrays are handled correctly, including
//        * multi-dimensional primitive arrays.</p>
//        *
//        * <p>The format is that of Java source code, for example <code>{a,b}</code>.</p>
//        * 
//        * @param array  the array to get a toString for, may be <code>null</code>
//        * @param stringIfNull  the String to return if the array is <code>null</code>
//        * @return a String representation of the array
//        */    
//       public static String toString(Object array, String stringIfNull) {
//           if (array == null) {
//               return stringIfNull;
//           }
//           return new ToStringBuilder(array, ToStringStyle.SIMPLE_STYLE).append(array).toString();
//       }

//       /**
//        * <p>Get a hashCode for an array handling multi-dimensional arrays correctly.</p>
//        * 
//        * <p>Multi-dimensional primitive arrays are also handled correctly by this method.</p>
//        * 
//        * @param array  the array to get a hashCode for, may be <code>null</code>
//        * @return a hashCode for the array, zero if null array input
//        */
//       public static int hashCode(Object array) {
//           return new HashCodeBuilder().append(array).toHashCode();
//       }
//
//       /**
//        * <p>Compares two arrays, using equals(), handling multi-dimensional arrays
//        * correctly.</p>
//        * 
//        * <p>Multi-dimensional primitive arrays are also handled correctly by this method.</p>
//        * 
//        * @param array1  the left hand array to compare, may be <code>null</code>
//        * @param array2  the right hand array to compare, may be <code>null</code>
//        * @return <code>true</code> if the arrays are equal
//        */
//       public static boolean isEquals(Object array1, Object array2) {
//           return new EqualsBuilder().append(array1, array2).isEquals();
//       }

       // To map
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Converts the given array into a {@link java.util.Map}. Each element of the array
        * must be either a {@link java.util.Map.Entry} or an Array, containing at least two
        * elements, where the first element is used as key and the second as
        * value.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method can be used to initialize:</p>
        * <pre>
        * // Create a Map mapping colors.
        * Map colorMap = MapUtils.toMap(new String[][] {{
        *     {"RED", "#FF0000"},
        *     {"GREEN", "#00FF00"},
        *     {"BLUE", "#0000FF"}});
        * </pre>
        * 
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * @param array  an array whose elements are either a {@link java.util.Map.Entry} or
        *  an Array containing at least two elements, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return a <code>Map</code> that was created from the array
        * @throws IllegalArgumentException  if one element of this Array is
        *  itself an Array containing less then two elements
        * @throws IllegalArgumentException  if the array contains elements other
        *  than {@link java.util.Map.Entry} and an Array
        */
       public static Map toMap(Object[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           final Map map = new HashMap((int) (array.length * 1.5));
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               Object object = array[i];
               if (object instanceof Map.Entry) {
                   Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) object;
                   map.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
               } else if (object instanceof Object[]) {
                   Object[] entry = (Object[]) object;
                   if (entry.length < 2) {
                       throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array element " + i + ", '"
                           + object
                           + "', has a length less than 2");
                   }
                   map.put(entry[0], entry[1]);
               } else {
                   throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array element " + i + ", '"
                           + object
                           + "', is neither of type Map.Entry nor an Array");
               }
           }
           return map;
       }

       // Clone
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Shallow clones an array returning a typecast result and handling
        * <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>The objects in the array are not cloned, thus there is no special
        * handling for multi-dimensional arrays.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to shallow clone, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the cloned array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> input
        */
       public static Object[] clone(Object[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           return (Object[]) array.clone();
       }

       /**
        * <p>Clones an array returning a typecast result and handling
        * <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to clone, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the cloned array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> input
        */
       public static long[] clone(long[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           return (long[]) array.clone();
       }

       /**
        * <p>Clones an array returning a typecast result and handling
        * <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to clone, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the cloned array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> input
        */
       public static int[] clone(int[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           return (int[]) array.clone();
       }

       /**
        * <p>Clones an array returning a typecast result and handling
        * <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to clone, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the cloned array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> input
        */
       public static short[] clone(short[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           return (short[]) array.clone();
       }

       /**
        * <p>Clones an array returning a typecast result and handling
        * <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to clone, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the cloned array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> input
        */
       public static char[] clone(char[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           return (char[]) array.clone();
       }

       /**
        * <p>Clones an array returning a typecast result and handling
        * <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to clone, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the cloned array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> input
        */
       public static byte[] clone(byte[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           return (byte[]) array.clone();
       }

       /**
        * <p>Clones an array returning a typecast result and handling
        * <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to clone, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the cloned array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> input
        */
       public static double[] clone(double[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           return (double[]) array.clone();
       }

       /**
        * <p>Clones an array returning a typecast result and handling
        * <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to clone, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the cloned array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> input
        */
       public static float[] clone(float[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           return (float[]) array.clone();
       }

       /**
        * <p>Clones an array returning a typecast result and handling
        * <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to clone, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the cloned array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> input
        */
       public static boolean[] clone(boolean[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           return (boolean[]) array.clone();
       }

       // Subarrays
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Produces a new array containing the elements between
        * the start and end indices.</p>
        *
        * <p>The start index is inclusive, the end index exclusive.
        * Null array input produces null output.</p>
        *
        * <p>The component type of the subarray is always the same as
        * that of the input array. Thus, if the input is an array of type
        * <code>Date</code>, the following usage is envisaged:</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * Date[] someDates = (Date[])ArrayUtils.subarray(allDates, 2, 5);
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array  the array
        * @param startIndexInclusive  the starting index. Undervalue (&lt;0)
        *      is promoted to 0, overvalue (&gt;array.length) results
        *      in an empty array.
        * @param endIndexExclusive  elements up to endIndex-1 are present in the
        *      returned subarray. Undervalue (&lt; startIndex) produces
        *      empty array, overvalue (&gt;array.length) is demoted to
        *      array length.
        * @return a new array containing the elements between
        *      the start and end indices.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static Object[] subarray(Object[] array, int startIndexInclusive, int endIndexExclusive) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           if (startIndexInclusive < 0) {
               startIndexInclusive = 0;
           }
           if (endIndexExclusive > array.length) {
               endIndexExclusive = array.length;
           }
           int newSize = endIndexExclusive - startIndexInclusive;
           Class type = array.getClass().getComponentType();
           if (newSize <= 0) {
               return (Object[]) Array.newInstance(type, 0);
           }
           Object[] subarray = (Object[]) Array.newInstance(type, newSize);
           System.arraycopy(array, startIndexInclusive, subarray, 0, newSize);
           return subarray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Produces a new <code>long</code> array containing the elements
        * between the start and end indices.</p>
        *
        * <p>The start index is inclusive, the end index exclusive.
        * Null array input produces null output.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array
        * @param startIndexInclusive  the starting index. Undervalue (&lt;0)
        *      is promoted to 0, overvalue (&gt;array.length) results
        *      in an empty array.
        * @param endIndexExclusive  elements up to endIndex-1 are present in the
        *      returned subarray. Undervalue (&lt; startIndex) produces
        *      empty array, overvalue (&gt;array.length) is demoted to
        *      array length.
        * @return a new array containing the elements between
        *      the start and end indices.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static long[] subarray(long[] array, int startIndexInclusive, int endIndexExclusive) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           if (startIndexInclusive < 0) {
               startIndexInclusive = 0;
           }
           if (endIndexExclusive > array.length) {
               endIndexExclusive = array.length;
           }
           int newSize = endIndexExclusive - startIndexInclusive;
           if (newSize <= 0) {
               return EMPTY_LONG_ARRAY;
           }

           long[] subarray = new long[newSize];
           System.arraycopy(array, startIndexInclusive, subarray, 0, newSize);
           return subarray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Produces a new <code>int</code> array containing the elements
        * between the start and end indices.</p>
        *
        * <p>The start index is inclusive, the end index exclusive.
        * Null array input produces null output.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array
        * @param startIndexInclusive  the starting index. Undervalue (&lt;0)
        *      is promoted to 0, overvalue (&gt;array.length) results
        *      in an empty array.
        * @param endIndexExclusive  elements up to endIndex-1 are present in the
        *      returned subarray. Undervalue (&lt; startIndex) produces
        *      empty array, overvalue (&gt;array.length) is demoted to
        *      array length.
        * @return a new array containing the elements between
        *      the start and end indices.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int[] subarray(int[] array, int startIndexInclusive, int endIndexExclusive) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           if (startIndexInclusive < 0) {
               startIndexInclusive = 0;
           }
           if (endIndexExclusive > array.length) {
               endIndexExclusive = array.length;
           }
           int newSize = endIndexExclusive - startIndexInclusive;
           if (newSize <= 0) {
               return EMPTY_INT_ARRAY;
           }

           int[] subarray = new int[newSize];
           System.arraycopy(array, startIndexInclusive, subarray, 0, newSize);
           return subarray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Produces a new <code>short</code> array containing the elements
        * between the start and end indices.</p>
        *
        * <p>The start index is inclusive, the end index exclusive.
        * Null array input produces null output.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array
        * @param startIndexInclusive  the starting index. Undervalue (&lt;0)
        *      is promoted to 0, overvalue (&gt;array.length) results
        *      in an empty array.
        * @param endIndexExclusive  elements up to endIndex-1 are present in the
        *      returned subarray. Undervalue (&lt; startIndex) produces
        *      empty array, overvalue (&gt;array.length) is demoted to
        *      array length.
        * @return a new array containing the elements between
        *      the start and end indices.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static short[] subarray(short[] array, int startIndexInclusive, int endIndexExclusive) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           if (startIndexInclusive < 0) {
               startIndexInclusive = 0;
           }
           if (endIndexExclusive > array.length) {
               endIndexExclusive = array.length;
           }
           int newSize = endIndexExclusive - startIndexInclusive;
           if (newSize <= 0) {
               return EMPTY_SHORT_ARRAY;
           }

           short[] subarray = new short[newSize];
           System.arraycopy(array, startIndexInclusive, subarray, 0, newSize);
           return subarray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Produces a new <code>char</code> array containing the elements
        * between the start and end indices.</p>
        *
        * <p>The start index is inclusive, the end index exclusive.
        * Null array input produces null output.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array
        * @param startIndexInclusive  the starting index. Undervalue (&lt;0)
        *      is promoted to 0, overvalue (&gt;array.length) results
        *      in an empty array.
        * @param endIndexExclusive  elements up to endIndex-1 are present in the
        *      returned subarray. Undervalue (&lt; startIndex) produces
        *      empty array, overvalue (&gt;array.length) is demoted to
        *      array length.
        * @return a new array containing the elements between
        *      the start and end indices.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static char[] subarray(char[] array, int startIndexInclusive, int endIndexExclusive) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           if (startIndexInclusive < 0) {
               startIndexInclusive = 0;
           }
           if (endIndexExclusive > array.length) {
               endIndexExclusive = array.length;
           }
           int newSize = endIndexExclusive - startIndexInclusive;
           if (newSize <= 0) {
               return EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY;
           }

           char[] subarray = new char[newSize];
           System.arraycopy(array, startIndexInclusive, subarray, 0, newSize);
           return subarray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Produces a new <code>byte</code> array containing the elements
        * between the start and end indices.</p>
        *
        * <p>The start index is inclusive, the end index exclusive.
        * Null array input produces null output.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array
        * @param startIndexInclusive  the starting index. Undervalue (&lt;0)
        *      is promoted to 0, overvalue (&gt;array.length) results
        *      in an empty array.
        * @param endIndexExclusive  elements up to endIndex-1 are present in the
        *      returned subarray. Undervalue (&lt; startIndex) produces
        *      empty array, overvalue (&gt;array.length) is demoted to
        *      array length.
        * @return a new array containing the elements between
        *      the start and end indices.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static byte[] subarray(byte[] array, int startIndexInclusive, int endIndexExclusive) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           if (startIndexInclusive < 0) {
               startIndexInclusive = 0;
           }
           if (endIndexExclusive > array.length) {
               endIndexExclusive = array.length;
           }
           int newSize = endIndexExclusive - startIndexInclusive;
           if (newSize <= 0) {
               return EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
           }

           byte[] subarray = new byte[newSize];
           System.arraycopy(array, startIndexInclusive, subarray, 0, newSize);
           return subarray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Produces a new <code>double</code> array containing the elements
        * between the start and end indices.</p>
        *
        * <p>The start index is inclusive, the end index exclusive.
        * Null array input produces null output.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array
        * @param startIndexInclusive  the starting index. Undervalue (&lt;0)
        *      is promoted to 0, overvalue (&gt;array.length) results
        *      in an empty array.
        * @param endIndexExclusive  elements up to endIndex-1 are present in the
        *      returned subarray. Undervalue (&lt; startIndex) produces
        *      empty array, overvalue (&gt;array.length) is demoted to
        *      array length.
        * @return a new array containing the elements between
        *      the start and end indices.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static double[] subarray(double[] array, int startIndexInclusive, int endIndexExclusive) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           if (startIndexInclusive < 0) {
               startIndexInclusive = 0;
           }
           if (endIndexExclusive > array.length) {
               endIndexExclusive = array.length;
           }
           int newSize = endIndexExclusive - startIndexInclusive;
           if (newSize <= 0) {
               return EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY;
           }

           double[] subarray = new double[newSize];
           System.arraycopy(array, startIndexInclusive, subarray, 0, newSize);
           return subarray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Produces a new <code>float</code> array containing the elements
        * between the start and end indices.</p>
        *
        * <p>The start index is inclusive, the end index exclusive.
        * Null array input produces null output.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array
        * @param startIndexInclusive  the starting index. Undervalue (&lt;0)
        *      is promoted to 0, overvalue (&gt;array.length) results
        *      in an empty array.
        * @param endIndexExclusive  elements up to endIndex-1 are present in the
        *      returned subarray. Undervalue (&lt; startIndex) produces
        *      empty array, overvalue (&gt;array.length) is demoted to
        *      array length.
        * @return a new array containing the elements between
        *      the start and end indices.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static float[] subarray(float[] array, int startIndexInclusive, int endIndexExclusive) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           if (startIndexInclusive < 0) {
               startIndexInclusive = 0;
           }
           if (endIndexExclusive > array.length) {
               endIndexExclusive = array.length;
           }
           int newSize = endIndexExclusive - startIndexInclusive;
           if (newSize <= 0) {
               return EMPTY_FLOAT_ARRAY;
           }

           float[] subarray = new float[newSize];
           System.arraycopy(array, startIndexInclusive, subarray, 0, newSize);
           return subarray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Produces a new <code>boolean</code> array containing the elements
        * between the start and end indices.</p>
        *
        * <p>The start index is inclusive, the end index exclusive.
        * Null array input produces null output.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array
        * @param startIndexInclusive  the starting index. Undervalue (&lt;0)
        *      is promoted to 0, overvalue (&gt;array.length) results
        *      in an empty array.
        * @param endIndexExclusive  elements up to endIndex-1 are present in the
        *      returned subarray. Undervalue (&lt; startIndex) produces
        *      empty array, overvalue (&gt;array.length) is demoted to
        *      array length.
        * @return a new array containing the elements between
        *      the start and end indices.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean[] subarray(boolean[] array, int startIndexInclusive, int endIndexExclusive) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           }
           if (startIndexInclusive < 0) {
               startIndexInclusive = 0;
           }
           if (endIndexExclusive > array.length) {
               endIndexExclusive = array.length;
           }
           int newSize = endIndexExclusive - startIndexInclusive;
           if (newSize <= 0) {
               return EMPTY_BOOLEAN_ARRAY;
           }

           boolean[] subarray = new boolean[newSize];
           System.arraycopy(array, startIndexInclusive, subarray, 0, newSize);
           return subarray;
       }

       // Is same length
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same length, treating
        * <code>null</code> arrays as length <code>0</code>.
        *
        * <p>Any multi-dimensional aspects of the arrays are ignored.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if length of arrays matches, treating
        *  <code>null</code> as an empty array
        */    
       public static boolean isSameLength(Object[] array1, Object[] array2) {
           if ((array1 == null && array2 != null && array2.length > 0) ||
               (array2 == null && array1 != null && array1.length > 0) ||
               (array1 != null && array2 != null && array1.length != array2.length)) {
                   return false;
           }
           return true;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same length, treating
        * <code>null</code> arrays as length <code>0</code>.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if length of arrays matches, treating
        *  <code>null</code> as an empty array
        */
       public static boolean isSameLength(long[] array1, long[] array2) {
           if ((array1 == null && array2 != null && array2.length > 0) ||
               (array2 == null && array1 != null && array1.length > 0) ||
               (array1 != null && array2 != null && array1.length != array2.length)) {
                   return false;
           }
           return true;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same length, treating
        * <code>null</code> arrays as length <code>0</code>.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if length of arrays matches, treating
        *  <code>null</code> as an empty array
        */
       public static boolean isSameLength(int[] array1, int[] array2) {
           if ((array1 == null && array2 != null && array2.length > 0) ||
               (array2 == null && array1 != null && array1.length > 0) ||
               (array1 != null && array2 != null && array1.length != array2.length)) {
                   return false;
           }
           return true;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same length, treating
        * <code>null</code> arrays as length <code>0</code>.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if length of arrays matches, treating
        *  <code>null</code> as an empty array
        */
       public static boolean isSameLength(short[] array1, short[] array2) {
           if ((array1 == null && array2 != null && array2.length > 0) ||
               (array2 == null && array1 != null && array1.length > 0) ||
               (array1 != null && array2 != null && array1.length != array2.length)) {
                   return false;
           }
           return true;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same length, treating
        * <code>null</code> arrays as length <code>0</code>.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if length of arrays matches, treating
        *  <code>null</code> as an empty array
        */
       public static boolean isSameLength(char[] array1, char[] array2) {
           if ((array1 == null && array2 != null && array2.length > 0) ||
               (array2 == null && array1 != null && array1.length > 0) ||
               (array1 != null && array2 != null && array1.length != array2.length)) {
                   return false;
           }
           return true;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same length, treating
        * <code>null</code> arrays as length <code>0</code>.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if length of arrays matches, treating
        *  <code>null</code> as an empty array
        */
       public static boolean isSameLength(byte[] array1, byte[] array2) {
           if ((array1 == null && array2 != null && array2.length > 0) ||
               (array2 == null && array1 != null && array1.length > 0) ||
               (array1 != null && array2 != null && array1.length != array2.length)) {
                   return false;
           }
           return true;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same length, treating
        * <code>null</code> arrays as length <code>0</code>.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if length of arrays matches, treating
        *  <code>null</code> as an empty array
        */
       public static boolean isSameLength(double[] array1, double[] array2) {
           if ((array1 == null && array2 != null && array2.length > 0) ||
               (array2 == null && array1 != null && array1.length > 0) ||
               (array1 != null && array2 != null && array1.length != array2.length)) {
                   return false;
           }
           return true;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same length, treating
        * <code>null</code> arrays as length <code>0</code>.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if length of arrays matches, treating
        *  <code>null</code> as an empty array
        */
       public static boolean isSameLength(float[] array1, float[] array2) {
           if ((array1 == null && array2 != null && array2.length > 0) ||
               (array2 == null && array1 != null && array1.length > 0) ||
               (array1 != null && array2 != null && array1.length != array2.length)) {
                   return false;
           }
           return true;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same length, treating
        * <code>null</code> arrays as length <code>0</code>.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if length of arrays matches, treating
        *  <code>null</code> as an empty array
        */
       public static boolean isSameLength(boolean[] array1, boolean[] array2) {
           if ((array1 == null && array2 != null && array2.length > 0) ||
               (array2 == null && array1 != null && array1.length > 0) ||
               (array1 != null && array2 != null && array1.length != array2.length)) {
                   return false;
           }
           return true;
       }

       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Returns the length of the specified array.
        * This method can deal with <code>Object</code> arrays and with primitive arrays.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, <code>0</code> is returned.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.getLength(null)            = 0
        * ArrayUtils.getLength([])              = 0
        * ArrayUtils.getLength([null])          = 1
        * ArrayUtils.getLength([true, false])   = 2
        * ArrayUtils.getLength([1, 2, 3])       = 3
        * ArrayUtils.getLength(["a", "b", "c"]) = 3
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array  the array to retrieve the length from, may be null
        * @return The length of the array, or <code>0</code> if the array is <code>null</code>
        * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the object arguement is not an array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int getLength(Object array) {
           if (array == null) 
               return 0;
               
           return Array.getLength(array);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks whether two arrays are the same type taking into account
        * multi-dimensional arrays.</p>
        * 
        * @param array1 the first array, must not be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2 the second array, must not be <code>null</code>
        * @return <code>true</code> if type of arrays matches
        * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either array is <code>null</code>
        */    
       public static boolean isSameType(Object array1, Object array2) {
           if (array1 == null || array2 == null) {
               throw new IllegalArgumentException("The Array must not be null");
           }
           return array1.getClass().getName().equals(array2.getClass().getName());
       }

       // Reverse
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /** 
        * <p>Reverses the order of the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>There is no special handling for multi-dimensional arrays.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method does nothing if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to reverse, may be <code>null</code>
        */
       public static void reverse(Object[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return;
           }
           int i = 0;
           int j = array.length - 1;
           Object tmp;
           while (j > i) {
               tmp = array[j];
               array[j] = array[i];
               array[i] = tmp;
               j--;
               i++;
           }
       }

       /**
        * <p>Reverses the order of the given array.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method does nothing if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to reverse, may be <code>null</code>
        */
       public static void reverse(long[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return;
           }
           int i = 0;
           int j = array.length - 1;
           long tmp;
           while (j > i) {
               tmp = array[j];
               array[j] = array[i];
               array[i] = tmp;
               j--;
               i++;
           }
       }

       /**
        * <p>Reverses the order of the given array.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method does nothing if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to reverse, may be <code>null</code>
        */
       public static void reverse(int[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return;
           }
           int i = 0;
           int j = array.length - 1;
           int tmp;
           while (j > i) {
               tmp = array[j];
               array[j] = array[i];
               array[i] = tmp;
               j--;
               i++;
           }
       }

       /**
        * <p>Reverses the order of the given array.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method does nothing if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to reverse, may be <code>null</code>
        */
       public static void reverse(short[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return;
           }
           int i = 0;
           int j = array.length - 1;
           short tmp;
           while (j > i) {
               tmp = array[j];
               array[j] = array[i];
               array[i] = tmp;
               j--;
               i++;
           }
       }

       /**
        * <p>Reverses the order of the given array.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method does nothing if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to reverse, may be <code>null</code>
        */
       public static void reverse(char[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return;
           }
           int i = 0;
           int j = array.length - 1;
           char tmp;
           while (j > i) {
               tmp = array[j];
               array[j] = array[i];
               array[i] = tmp;
               j--;
               i++;
           }
       }

       /**
        * <p>Reverses the order of the given array.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method does nothing if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to reverse, may be <code>null</code>
        */
       public static void reverse(byte[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return;
           }
           int i = 0;
           int j = array.length - 1;
           byte tmp;
           while (j > i) {
               tmp = array[j];
               array[j] = array[i];
               array[i] = tmp;
               j--;
               i++;
           }
       }

       /**
        * <p>Reverses the order of the given array.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method does nothing if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to reverse, may be <code>null</code>
        */
       public static void reverse(double[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return;
           }
           int i = 0;
           int j = array.length - 1;
           double tmp;
           while (j > i) {
               tmp = array[j];
               array[j] = array[i];
               array[i] = tmp;
               j--;
               i++;
           }
       }

       /**
        * <p>Reverses the order of the given array.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method does nothing if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to reverse, may be <code>null</code>
        */
       public static void reverse(float[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return;
           }
           int i = 0;
           int j = array.length - 1;
           float tmp;
           while (j > i) {
               tmp = array[j];
               array[j] = array[i];
               array[i] = tmp;
               j--;
               i++;
           }
       }

       /**
        * <p>Reverses the order of the given array.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method does nothing if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to reverse, may be <code>null</code>
        */
       public static void reverse(boolean[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return;
           }
           int i = 0;
           int j = array.length - 1;
           boolean tmp;
           while (j > i) {
               tmp = array[j];
               array[j] = array[i];
               array[i] = tmp;
               j--;
               i++;
           }
       }

       // IndexOf search
       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       
       // Object IndexOf
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given object in the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param objectToFind  the object to find, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the index of the object within the array, 
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(Object[] array, Object objectToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, objectToFind, 0);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given object in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return <code>-1</code>.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param objectToFind  the object to find, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @return the index of the object within the array starting at the index,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(Object[] array, Object objectToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           if (objectToFind == null) {
               for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
                   if (array[i] == null) {
                       return i;
                   }
               }
           } else {
               for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
                   if (objectToFind.equals(array[i])) {
                       return i;
                   }
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given object within the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to travers backwords looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param objectToFind  the object to find, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return the last index of the object within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(Object[] array, Object objectToFind) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, objectToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given object in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return <code>-1</code>. A startIndex larger than
        * the array length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param objectToFind  the object to find, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @return the last index of the object within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(Object[] array, Object objectToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           if (objectToFind == null) {
               for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
                   if (array[i] == null) {
                       return i;
                   }
               }
           } else {
               for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
                   if (objectToFind.equals(array[i])) {
                       return i;
                   }
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if the object is in the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array is passed in.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through
        * @param objectToFind  the object to find
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array contains the object
        */
       public static boolean contains(Object[] array, Object objectToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, objectToFind) != -1;
       }

       // long IndexOf
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(long[] array, long valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return -1.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(long[] array, long valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value within the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to travers backwords looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the object to find
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(long[] array, long valueToFind) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, valueToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return -1. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(long[] array, long valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if the value is in the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array is passed in.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array contains the object
        */
       public static boolean contains(long[] array, long valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind) != -1;
       }

       // int IndexOf
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(int[] array, int valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return -1.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(int[] array, int valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value within the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to travers backwords looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the object to find
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(int[] array, int valueToFind) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, valueToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return -1. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(int[] array, int valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if the value is in the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array is passed in.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array contains the object
        */
       public static boolean contains(int[] array, int valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind) != -1;
       }

       // short IndexOf
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(short[] array, short valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return -1.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(short[] array, short valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value within the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to travers backwords looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the object to find
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(short[] array, short valueToFind) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, valueToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return -1. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(short[] array, short valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if the value is in the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array is passed in.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array contains the object
        */
       public static boolean contains(short[] array, short valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind) != -1;
       }

       // char IndexOf
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int indexOf(char[] array, char valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return -1.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int indexOf(char[] array, char valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value within the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to travers backwords looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the object to find
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(char[] array, char valueToFind) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, valueToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return -1. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(char[] array, char valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if the value is in the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array is passed in.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array contains the object
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean contains(char[] array, char valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind) != -1;
       }

       // byte IndexOf
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(byte[] array, byte valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return -1.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(byte[] array, byte valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value within the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to travers backwords looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the object to find
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(byte[] array, byte valueToFind) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, valueToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return -1. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(byte[] array, byte valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (array == null) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if the value is in the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array is passed in.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array contains the object
        */
       public static boolean contains(byte[] array, byte valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind) != -1;
       }

       // double IndexOf
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(double[] array, double valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value within a given tolerance in the array.
        * This method will return the index of the first value which falls between the region
        * defined by valueToFind - tolerance and valueToFind + tolerance.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param tolerance tolerance of the search
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(double[] array, double valueToFind, double tolerance) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0, tolerance);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return -1.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(double[] array, double valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (isEmpty(array)) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.
        * This method will return the index of the first value which falls between the region
        * defined by valueToFind - tolerance and valueToFind + tolerance.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return -1.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @param tolerance tolerance of the search
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(double[] array, double valueToFind, int startIndex, double tolerance) {
           if (isEmpty(array)) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           double min = valueToFind - tolerance;
           double max = valueToFind + tolerance;
           for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (array[i] >= min && array[i] <= max) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value within the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to travers backwords looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the object to find
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(double[] array, double valueToFind) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, valueToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value within a given tolerance in the array.
        * This method will return the index of the last value which falls between the region
        * defined by valueToFind - tolerance and valueToFind + tolerance.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param tolerance tolerance of the search
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(double[] array, double valueToFind, double tolerance) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, valueToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE, tolerance);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return -1. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(double[] array, double valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (isEmpty(array)) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.
        * This method will return the index of the last value which falls between the region
        * defined by valueToFind - tolerance and valueToFind + tolerance.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return -1. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @param tolerance  search for value within plus/minus this amount
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(double[] array, double valueToFind, int startIndex, double tolerance) {
           if (isEmpty(array)) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           double min = valueToFind - tolerance;
           double max = valueToFind + tolerance;
           for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
               if (array[i] >= min && array[i] <= max) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if the value is in the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array is passed in.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array contains the object
        */
       public static boolean contains(double[] array, double valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind) != -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if a value falling within the given tolerance is in the
        * given array.  If the array contains a value within the inclusive range 
        * defined by (value - tolerance) to (value + tolerance).</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array
        * is passed in.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to search
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param tolerance  the array contains the tolerance of the search
        * @return true if value falling within tolerance is in array
        */
       public static boolean contains(double[] array, double valueToFind, double tolerance) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0, tolerance) != -1;
       }

       // float IndexOf
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(float[] array, float valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return -1.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(float[] array, float valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (isEmpty(array)) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value within the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to travers backwords looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the object to find
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(float[] array, float valueToFind) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, valueToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return -1. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(float[] array, float valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (isEmpty(array)) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if the value is in the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array is passed in.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array contains the object
        */
       public static boolean contains(float[] array, float valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind) != -1;
       }

       // boolean IndexOf
       //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(boolean[] array, boolean valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind, 0);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex is treated as zero. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will return -1.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the index to start searching at
        * @return the index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int indexOf(boolean[] array, boolean valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (isEmpty(array)) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               startIndex = 0;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value within the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to travers backwords looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the object to find
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(boolean[] array, boolean valueToFind) {
           return lastIndexOf(array, valueToFind, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
       }

       /**
        * <p>Find the last index of the given value in the array starting at the given index.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>-1</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        *
        * <p>A negative startIndex will return -1. A startIndex larger than the array
        * length will search from the end of the array.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to traverse for looking for the object, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @param startIndex  the start index to travers backwards from
        * @return the last index of the value within the array,
        *  <code>-1</code> if not found or <code>null</code> array input
        */
       public static int lastIndexOf(boolean[] array, boolean valueToFind, int startIndex) {
           if (isEmpty(array)) {
               return -1;
           }
           if (startIndex < 0) {
               return -1;
           } else if (startIndex >= array.length) {
               startIndex = array.length - 1;
           }
           for (int i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
               if (valueToFind == array[i]) {
                   return i;
               }
           }
           return -1;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if the value is in the given array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The method returns <code>false</code> if a <code>null</code> array is passed in.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to search through
        * @param valueToFind  the value to find
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array contains the object
        */
       public static boolean contains(boolean[] array, boolean valueToFind) {
           return indexOf(array, valueToFind) != -1;
       }

       // Primitive/Object array converters
       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       
       // Long array converters
       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Longs to primitives.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Long</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return a <code>long</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        * @throws NullPointerException if array content is <code>null</code>
        */
       public static long[] toPrimitive(Long[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_LONG_ARRAY;
           }
           final long[] result = new long[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = array[i].longValue();
           }
           return result;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Long to primitives handling <code>null</code>.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Long</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueForNull  the value to insert if <code>null</code> found
        * @return a <code>long</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static long[] toPrimitive(Long[] array, long valueForNull) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_LONG_ARRAY;
           }
           final long[] result = new long[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               Long b = array[i];
               result[i] = (b == null ? valueForNull : b.longValue());
           }
           return result;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of primitive longs to objects.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>long</code> array
        * @return a <code>Long</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static Long[] toObject(long[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_LONG_OBJECT_ARRAY;
           }
           final Long[] result = new Long[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = new Long(array[i]);
           }
           return result;
       }

       // Int array converters
       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Integers to primitives.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Integer</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return an <code>int</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        * @throws NullPointerException if array content is <code>null</code>
        */
       public static int[] toPrimitive(Integer[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_INT_ARRAY;
           }
           final int[] result = new int[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = array[i].intValue();
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Integer to primitives handling <code>null</code>.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Integer</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueForNull  the value to insert if <code>null</code> found
        * @return an <code>int</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static int[] toPrimitive(Integer[] array, int valueForNull) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_INT_ARRAY;
           }
           final int[] result = new int[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               Integer b = array[i];
               result[i] = (b == null ? valueForNull : b.intValue());
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of primitive ints to objects.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  an <code>int</code> array
        * @return an <code>Integer</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static Integer[] toObject(int[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_INTEGER_OBJECT_ARRAY;
           }
           final Integer[] result = new Integer[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = new Integer(array[i]);
           }
           return result;
       }
       
       // Short array converters
       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Shorts to primitives.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Short</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return a <code>byte</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        * @throws NullPointerException if array content is <code>null</code>
        */
       public static short[] toPrimitive(Short[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_SHORT_ARRAY;
           }
           final short[] result = new short[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = array[i].shortValue();
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Short to primitives handling <code>null</code>.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Short</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueForNull  the value to insert if <code>null</code> found
        * @return a <code>byte</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static short[] toPrimitive(Short[] array, short valueForNull) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_SHORT_ARRAY;
           }
           final short[] result = new short[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               Short b = array[i];
               result[i] = (b == null ? valueForNull : b.shortValue());
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of primitive shorts to objects.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>short</code> array
        * @return a <code>Short</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static Short[] toObject(short[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_SHORT_OBJECT_ARRAY;
           }
           final Short[] result = new Short[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = new Short(array[i]);
           }
           return result;
       }    

       // Byte array converters
       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Bytes to primitives.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Byte</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return a <code>byte</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        * @throws NullPointerException if array content is <code>null</code>
        */
       public static byte[] toPrimitive(Byte[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
           }
           final byte[] result = new byte[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = array[i].byteValue();
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Bytes to primitives handling <code>null</code>.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Byte</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueForNull  the value to insert if <code>null</code> found
        * @return a <code>byte</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static byte[] toPrimitive(Byte[] array, byte valueForNull) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
           }
           final byte[] result = new byte[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               Byte b = array[i];
               result[i] = (b == null ? valueForNull : b.byteValue());
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of primitive bytes to objects.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>byte</code> array
        * @return a <code>Byte</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static Byte[] toObject(byte[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_BYTE_OBJECT_ARRAY;
           }
           final Byte[] result = new Byte[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = new Byte(array[i]);
           }
           return result;
       }  
       
       // Double array converters
       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Doubles to primitives.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Double</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return a <code>double</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        * @throws NullPointerException if array content is <code>null</code>
        */
       public static double[] toPrimitive(Double[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY;
           }
           final double[] result = new double[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = array[i].doubleValue();
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Doubles to primitives handling <code>null</code>.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Double</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueForNull  the value to insert if <code>null</code> found
        * @return a <code>double</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static double[] toPrimitive(Double[] array, double valueForNull) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY;
           }
           final double[] result = new double[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               Double b = array[i];
               result[i] = (b == null ? valueForNull : b.doubleValue());
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of primitive doubles to objects.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>double</code> array
        * @return a <code>Double</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static Double[] toObject(double[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_DOUBLE_OBJECT_ARRAY;
           }
           final Double[] result = new Double[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = new Double(array[i]);
           }
           return result;
       }

       //   Float array converters
       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Floats to primitives.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Float</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return a <code>float</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        * @throws NullPointerException if array content is <code>null</code>
        */
       public static float[] toPrimitive(Float[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_FLOAT_ARRAY;
           }
           final float[] result = new float[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = array[i].floatValue();
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Floats to primitives handling <code>null</code>.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Float</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueForNull  the value to insert if <code>null</code> found
        * @return a <code>float</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static float[] toPrimitive(Float[] array, float valueForNull) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_FLOAT_ARRAY;
           }
           final float[] result = new float[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               Float b = array[i];
               result[i] = (b == null ? valueForNull : b.floatValue());
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of primitive floats to objects.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>float</code> array
        * @return a <code>Float</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static Float[] toObject(float[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_FLOAT_OBJECT_ARRAY;
           }
           final Float[] result = new Float[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = new Float(array[i]);
           }
           return result;
       }

       // Boolean array converters
       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Booleans to primitives.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Boolean</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return a <code>boolean</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        * @throws NullPointerException if array content is <code>null</code>
        */
       public static boolean[] toPrimitive(Boolean[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_BOOLEAN_ARRAY;
           }
           final boolean[] result = new boolean[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = array[i].booleanValue();
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of object Booleans to primitives handling <code>null</code>.</p>
        * 
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>Boolean</code> array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param valueForNull  the value to insert if <code>null</code> found
        * @return a <code>boolean</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static boolean[] toPrimitive(Boolean[] array, boolean valueForNull) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_BOOLEAN_ARRAY;
           }
           final boolean[] result = new boolean[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               Boolean b = array[i];
               result[i] = (b == null ? valueForNull : b.booleanValue());
           }
           return result;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Converts an array of primitive booleans to objects.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array input.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  a <code>boolean</code> array
        * @return a <code>Boolean</code> array, <code>null</code> if null array input
        */
       public static Boolean[] toObject(boolean[] array) {
           if (array == null) {
               return null;
           } else if (array.length == 0) {
               return EMPTY_BOOLEAN_OBJECT_ARRAY;
           }
           final Boolean[] result = new Boolean[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               result[i] = (array[i] ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE);
           }
           return result;
       }

       // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       /**
        * <p>Checks if an array of Objects is empty or <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to test
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array is empty or <code>null</code>
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean isEmpty(Object[] array) {
           if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
               return true;
           }
           return false;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if an array of primitive longs is empty or <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to test
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array is empty or <code>null</code>
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean isEmpty(long[] array) {
           if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
               return true;
           }
           return false;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if an array of primitive ints is empty or <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to test
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array is empty or <code>null</code>
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean isEmpty(int[] array) {
           if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
               return true;
           }
           return false;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if an array of primitive shorts is empty or <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to test
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array is empty or <code>null</code>
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean isEmpty(short[] array) {
           if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
               return true;
           }
           return false;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if an array of primitive chars is empty or <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to test
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array is empty or <code>null</code>
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean isEmpty(char[] array) {
           if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
               return true;
           }
           return false;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if an array of primitive bytes is empty or <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to test
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array is empty or <code>null</code>
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean isEmpty(byte[] array) {
           if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
               return true;
           }
           return false;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if an array of primitive doubles is empty or <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to test
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array is empty or <code>null</code>
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean isEmpty(double[] array) {
           if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
               return true;
           }
           return false;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if an array of primitive floats is empty or <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to test
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array is empty or <code>null</code>
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean isEmpty(float[] array) {
           if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
               return true;
           }
           return false;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Checks if an array of primitive booleans is empty or <code>null</code>.</p>
        *
        * @param array  the array to test
        * @return <code>true</code> if the array is empty or <code>null</code>
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean isEmpty(boolean[] array) {
           if (array == null || array.length == 0) {
               return true;
           }
           return false;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Adds all the elements of the given arrays into a new array.</p>
        * <p>The new array contains all of the element of <code>array1</code> followed
        * by all of the elements <code>array2</code>. When an array is returned, it is always
        * a new array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, null)     = null
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(array1, null)   = cloned copy of array1
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, array2)   = cloned copy of array2
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([], [])         = []
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([null], [null]) = [null, null]
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(["a", "b", "c"], ["1", "2", "3"]) = ["a", "b", "c", "1", "2", "3"]
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array1  the first array whose elements are added to the new array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param array2  the second array whose elements are added to the new array, may be <code>null</code>
        * @return The new array, <code>null</code> if <code>null</code> array inputs. 
        *      The type of the new array is the type of the first array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static Object[] addAll(Object[] array1, Object[] array2) {
           if (array1 == null) {
               return clone(array2);
           } else if (array2 == null) {
               return clone(array1);
           }
           Object[] joinedArray = (Object[]) Array.newInstance(array1.getClass().getComponentType(),
                                                               array1.length + array2.length);
           System.arraycopy(array1, 0, joinedArray, 0, array1.length);
           System.arraycopy(array2, 0, joinedArray, array1.length, array2.length);
           return joinedArray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Adds all the elements of the given arrays into a new array.</p>
        * <p>The new array contains all of the element of <code>array1</code> followed
        * by all of the elements <code>array2</code>. When an array is returned, it is always
        * a new array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(array1, null)   = cloned copy of array1
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, array2)   = cloned copy of array2
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([], [])         = []
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array1  the first array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @param array2  the second array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @return The new boolean[] array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean[] addAll(boolean[] array1, boolean[] array2) {
           if (array1 == null) {
               return clone(array2);
           } else if (array2 == null) {
               return clone(array1);
           }
           boolean[] joinedArray = new boolean[array1.length + array2.length];
           System.arraycopy(array1, 0, joinedArray, 0, array1.length);
           System.arraycopy(array2, 0, joinedArray, array1.length, array2.length);
           return joinedArray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Adds all the elements of the given arrays into a new array.</p>
        * <p>The new array contains all of the element of <code>array1</code> followed
        * by all of the elements <code>array2</code>. When an array is returned, it is always
        * a new array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(array1, null)   = cloned copy of array1
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, array2)   = cloned copy of array2
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([], [])         = []
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array1  the first array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @param array2  the second array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @return The new char[] array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static char[] addAll(char[] array1, char[] array2) {
           if (array1 == null) {
               return clone(array2);
           } else if (array2 == null) {
               return clone(array1);
           }
           char[] joinedArray = new char[array1.length + array2.length];
           System.arraycopy(array1, 0, joinedArray, 0, array1.length);
           System.arraycopy(array2, 0, joinedArray, array1.length, array2.length);
           return joinedArray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Adds all the elements of the given arrays into a new array.</p>
        * <p>The new array contains all of the element of <code>array1</code> followed
        * by all of the elements <code>array2</code>. When an array is returned, it is always
        * a new array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(array1, null)   = cloned copy of array1
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, array2)   = cloned copy of array2
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([], [])         = []
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array1  the first array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @param array2  the second array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @return The new byte[] array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static byte[] addAll(byte[] array1, byte[] array2) {
           if (array1 == null) {
               return clone(array2);
           } else if (array2 == null) {
               return clone(array1);
           }
           byte[] joinedArray = new byte[array1.length + array2.length];
           System.arraycopy(array1, 0, joinedArray, 0, array1.length);
           System.arraycopy(array2, 0, joinedArray, array1.length, array2.length);
           return joinedArray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Adds all the elements of the given arrays into a new array.</p>
        * <p>The new array contains all of the element of <code>array1</code> followed
        * by all of the elements <code>array2</code>. When an array is returned, it is always
        * a new array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(array1, null)   = cloned copy of array1
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, array2)   = cloned copy of array2
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([], [])         = []
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array1  the first array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @param array2  the second array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @return The new short[] array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static short[] addAll(short[] array1, short[] array2) {
           if (array1 == null) {
               return clone(array2);
           } else if (array2 == null) {
               return clone(array1);
           }
           short[] joinedArray = new short[array1.length + array2.length];
           System.arraycopy(array1, 0, joinedArray, 0, array1.length);
           System.arraycopy(array2, 0, joinedArray, array1.length, array2.length);
           return joinedArray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Adds all the elements of the given arrays into a new array.</p>
        * <p>The new array contains all of the element of <code>array1</code> followed
        * by all of the elements <code>array2</code>. When an array is returned, it is always
        * a new array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(array1, null)   = cloned copy of array1
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, array2)   = cloned copy of array2
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([], [])         = []
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array1  the first array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @param array2  the second array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @return The new int[] array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int[] addAll(int[] array1, int[] array2) {
           if (array1 == null) {
               return clone(array2);
           } else if (array2 == null) {
               return clone(array1);
           }
           int[] joinedArray = new int[array1.length + array2.length];
           System.arraycopy(array1, 0, joinedArray, 0, array1.length);
           System.arraycopy(array2, 0, joinedArray, array1.length, array2.length);
           return joinedArray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Adds all the elements of the given arrays into a new array.</p>
        * <p>The new array contains all of the element of <code>array1</code> followed
        * by all of the elements <code>array2</code>. When an array is returned, it is always
        * a new array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(array1, null)   = cloned copy of array1
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, array2)   = cloned copy of array2
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([], [])         = []
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array1  the first array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @param array2  the second array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @return The new long[] array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static long[] addAll(long[] array1, long[] array2) {
           if (array1 == null) {
               return clone(array2);
           } else if (array2 == null) {
               return clone(array1);
           }
           long[] joinedArray = new long[array1.length + array2.length];
           System.arraycopy(array1, 0, joinedArray, 0, array1.length);
           System.arraycopy(array2, 0, joinedArray, array1.length, array2.length);
           return joinedArray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Adds all the elements of the given arrays into a new array.</p>
        * <p>The new array contains all of the element of <code>array1</code> followed
        * by all of the elements <code>array2</code>. When an array is returned, it is always
        * a new array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(array1, null)   = cloned copy of array1
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, array2)   = cloned copy of array2
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([], [])         = []
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array1  the first array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @param array2  the second array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @return The new float[] array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static float[] addAll(float[] array1, float[] array2) {
           if (array1 == null) {
               return clone(array2);
           } else if (array2 == null) {
               return clone(array1);
           }
           float[] joinedArray = new float[array1.length + array2.length];
           System.arraycopy(array1, 0, joinedArray, 0, array1.length);
           System.arraycopy(array2, 0, joinedArray, array1.length, array2.length);
           return joinedArray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Adds all the elements of the given arrays into a new array.</p>
        * <p>The new array contains all of the element of <code>array1</code> followed
        * by all of the elements <code>array2</code>. When an array is returned, it is always
        * a new array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(array1, null)   = cloned copy of array1
        * ArrayUtils.addAll(null, array2)   = cloned copy of array2
        * ArrayUtils.addAll([], [])         = []
        * </pre>
        *
        * @param array1  the first array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @param array2  the second array whose elements are added to the new array.
        * @return The new double[] array.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static double[] addAll(double[] array1, double[] array2) {
           if (array1 == null) {
               return clone(array2);
           } else if (array2 == null) {
               return clone(array1);
           }
           double[] joinedArray = new double[array1.length + array2.length];
           System.arraycopy(array1, 0, joinedArray, 0, array1.length);
           System.arraycopy(array2, 0, joinedArray, array1.length, array2.length);
           return joinedArray;
       }

       /**
        * <p>Copies the given array and adds the given element at the end of the new array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The new array contains the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element in the last position. The component type of 
        * the new array is the same as that of the input array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, null)      = [null]
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, "a")       = ["a"]
        * ArrayUtils.add(["a"], null)     = ["a", null]
        * ArrayUtils.add(["a"], "b")      = ["a", "b"]
        * ArrayUtils.add(["a", "b"], "c") = ["a", "b", "c"]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to "add" the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements plus the new element
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static Object[] add(Object[] array, Object element) {
           Class type = (array != null ? array.getClass() : (element != null ? element.getClass() : Object.class));
           Object[] newArray = (Object[]) copyArrayGrow1(array, type);
           newArray[newArray.length - 1] = element;
           return newArray;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Copies the given array and adds the given element at the end of the new array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The new array contains the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element in the last position. The component type of 
        * the new array is the same as that of the input array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, true)          = [true]
        * ArrayUtils.add([true], false)       = [true, false]
        * ArrayUtils.add([true, false], true) = [true, false, true]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to copy and add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the object to add at the last index of the new array
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements plus the new element
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean[] add(boolean[] array, boolean element) {
           boolean[] newArray = (boolean[])copyArrayGrow1(array, Boolean.TYPE);
           newArray[newArray.length - 1] = element;
           return newArray;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Copies the given array and adds the given element at the end of the new array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The new array contains the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element in the last position. The component type of 
        * the new array is the same as that of the input array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0)   = [0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1], 0)    = [1, 0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1, 0], 1) = [1, 0, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to copy and add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the object to add at the last index of the new array
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements plus the new element
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static byte[] add(byte[] array, byte element) {
           byte[] newArray = (byte[])copyArrayGrow1(array, Byte.TYPE);
           newArray[newArray.length - 1] = element;
           return newArray;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Copies the given array and adds the given element at the end of the new array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The new array contains the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element in the last position. The component type of 
        * the new array is the same as that of the input array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, '0')       = ['0']
        * ArrayUtils.add(['1'], '0')      = ['1', '0']
        * ArrayUtils.add(['1', '0'], '1') = ['1', '0', '1']
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to copy and add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the object to add at the last index of the new array
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements plus the new element
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static char[] add(char[] array, char element) {
           char[] newArray = (char[])copyArrayGrow1(array, Character.TYPE);
           newArray[newArray.length - 1] = element;
           return newArray;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Copies the given array and adds the given element at the end of the new array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The new array contains the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element in the last position. The component type of 
        * the new array is the same as that of the input array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0)   = [0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1], 0)    = [1, 0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1, 0], 1) = [1, 0, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to copy and add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the object to add at the last index of the new array
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements plus the new element
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static double[] add(double[] array, double element) {
           double[] newArray = (double[])copyArrayGrow1(array, Double.TYPE);
           newArray[newArray.length - 1] = element;
           return newArray;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Copies the given array and adds the given element at the end of the new array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The new array contains the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element in the last position. The component type of 
        * the new array is the same as that of the input array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0)   = [0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1], 0)    = [1, 0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1, 0], 1) = [1, 0, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to copy and add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the object to add at the last index of the new array
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements plus the new element
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static float[] add(float[] array, float element) {
           float[] newArray = (float[])copyArrayGrow1(array, Float.TYPE);
           newArray[newArray.length - 1] = element;
           return newArray;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Copies the given array and adds the given element at the end of the new array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The new array contains the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element in the last position. The component type of 
        * the new array is the same as that of the input array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0)   = [0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1], 0)    = [1, 0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1, 0], 1) = [1, 0, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to copy and add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the object to add at the last index of the new array
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements plus the new element
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int[] add(int[] array, int element) {
           int[] newArray = (int[])copyArrayGrow1(array, Integer.TYPE);
           newArray[newArray.length - 1] = element;
           return newArray;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Copies the given array and adds the given element at the end of the new array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The new array contains the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element in the last position. The component type of 
        * the new array is the same as that of the input array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0)   = [0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1], 0)    = [1, 0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1, 0], 1) = [1, 0, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to copy and add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the object to add at the last index of the new array
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements plus the new element
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static long[] add(long[] array, long element) {
           long[] newArray = (long[])copyArrayGrow1(array, Long.TYPE);
           newArray[newArray.length - 1] = element;
           return newArray;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Copies the given array and adds the given element at the end of the new array.</p>
        *
        * <p>The new array contains the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element in the last position. The component type of 
        * the new array is the same as that of the input array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0)   = [0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1], 0)    = [1, 0]
        * ArrayUtils.add([1, 0], 1) = [1, 0, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to copy and add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the object to add at the last index of the new array
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements plus the new element
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static short[] add(short[] array, short element) {
           short[] newArray = (short[])copyArrayGrow1(array, Short.TYPE);
           newArray[newArray.length - 1] = element;
           return newArray;
       }
       
       /**
        * Returns a copy of the given array of size 1 greater than the argument. 
        * The last value of the array is left to the default value.
        * 
        * @param array The array to copy, must not be <code>null</code>.
        * @param newArrayComponentType If <code>array</code> is <code>null</code>, create a 
        * size 1 array of this type.
        * @return A new copy of the array of size 1 greater than the input.
        */    
       private static Object copyArrayGrow1(Object array, Class newArrayComponentType) {
           if (array != null) {
               int arrayLength = Array.getLength(array);
               Object newArray = Array.newInstance(array.getClass().getComponentType(), arrayLength + 1);
               System.arraycopy(array, 0, newArray, 0, arrayLength);
               return newArray;
           } 
           return Array.newInstance(newArrayComponentType, 1);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the array. 
        * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent
        * elements to the right (adds one to their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0, null)      = [null]
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0, "a")       = ["a"]
        * ArrayUtils.add(["a"], 1, null)     = ["a", null]
        * ArrayUtils.add(["a"], 1, "b")      = ["a", "b"]
        * ArrayUtils.add(["a", "b"], 3, "c") = ["a", "b", "c"]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index > array.length).
        */
       public static Object[] add(Object[] array, int index, Object element) {
           Class clss = null;
           if(array != null) {
               clss = array.getClass().getComponentType();
           } else
           if(element != null) {
               clss = element.getClass();
           } else {
               return new Object[] { null };
           }
           return (Object[]) add( array, index, element, clss );
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the array. 
        * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent
        * elements to the right (adds one to their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0, true)          = [true]
        * ArrayUtils.add([true], 0, false)       = [false, true]
        * ArrayUtils.add([false], 1, true)       = [false, true]
        * ArrayUtils.add([true, false], 1, true) = [true, true, false]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index > array.length).
        */
       public static boolean[] add(boolean[] array, int index, boolean element) {
           return (boolean[]) add( array, index, Boolean.valueOf(element), Boolean.TYPE );
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the array. 
        * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent
        * elements to the right (adds one to their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add(null, 0, 'a')            = ['a']
        * ArrayUtils.add(['a'], 0, 'b')           = ['b', 'a']
        * ArrayUtils.add(['a', 'b'], 0, 'c')      = ['c', 'a', 'b']
        * ArrayUtils.add(['a', 'b'], 1, 'k')      = ['a', 'k', 'b']
        * ArrayUtils.add(['a', 'b', 'c'], 1, 't') = ['a', 't', 'b', 'c']
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index > array.length).
        */
       public static char[] add(char[] array, int index, char element) {
           return (char[]) add( array, index, new Character(element), Character.TYPE );
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the array. 
        * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent
        * elements to the right (adds one to their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add([1], 0, 2)         = [2, 1]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2, 6], 2, 3)      = [2, 6, 3]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2, 6], 0, 1)      = [1, 2, 6]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2, 6, 3], 2, 1)   = [2, 6, 1, 3]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index > array.length).
        */
       public static byte[] add(byte[] array, int index, byte element) {
           return (byte[]) add( array, index, new Byte(element), Byte.TYPE );
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the array. 
        * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent
        * elements to the right (adds one to their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add([1], 0, 2)         = [2, 1]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2, 6], 2, 10)     = [2, 6, 10]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2, 6], 0, -4)     = [-4, 2, 6]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2, 6, 3], 2, 1)   = [2, 6, 1, 3]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index > array.length).
        */
       public static short[] add(short[] array, int index, short element) {
           return (short[]) add( array, index, new Short(element), Short.TYPE );
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the array. 
        * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent
        * elements to the right (adds one to their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add([1], 0, 2)         = [2, 1]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2, 6], 2, 10)     = [2, 6, 10]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2, 6], 0, -4)     = [-4, 2, 6]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2, 6, 3], 2, 1)   = [2, 6, 1, 3]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index > array.length).
        */
       public static int[] add(int[] array, int index, int element) {
           return (int[]) add( array, index, new Integer(element), Integer.TYPE );
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the array. 
        * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent
        * elements to the right (adds one to their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add([1L], 0, 2L)           = [2L, 1L]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2L, 6L], 2, 10L)      = [2L, 6L, 10L]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2L, 6L], 0, -4L)      = [-4L, 2L, 6L]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2L, 6L, 3L], 2, 1L)   = [2L, 6L, 1L, 3L]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index > array.length).
        */
       public static long[] add(long[] array, int index, long element) {
           return (long[]) add( array, index, new Long(element), Long.TYPE );
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the array. 
        * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent
        * elements to the right (adds one to their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add([1.1f], 0, 2.2f)               = [2.2f, 1.1f]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2.3f, 6.4f], 2, 10.5f)        = [2.3f, 6.4f, 10.5f]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2.6f, 6.7f], 0, -4.8f)        = [-4.8f, 2.6f, 6.7f]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2.9f, 6.0f, 0.3f], 2, 1.0f)   = [2.9f, 6.0f, 1.0f, 0.3f]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index > array.length).
        */
       public static float[] add(float[] array, int index, float element) {
           return (float[]) add( array, index, new Float(element), Float.TYPE );
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Inserts the specified element at the specified position in the array. 
        * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent
        * elements to the right (adds one to their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array plus the given element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, a new one element array is returned
        *  whose component type is the same as the element.</p>
        * 
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.add([1.1], 0, 2.2)              = [2.2, 1.1]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2.3, 6.4], 2, 10.5)        = [2.3, 6.4, 10.5]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2.6, 6.7], 0, -4.8)        = [-4.8, 2.6, 6.7]
        * ArrayUtils.add([2.9, 6.0, 0.3], 2, 1.0)    = [2.9, 6.0, 1.0, 0.3]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index > array.length).
        */
       public static double[] add(double[] array, int index, double element) {
           return (double[]) add( array, index, new Double(element), Double.TYPE );
       }
       
       /**
        * Underlying implementation of add(array, index, element) methods. 
        * The last parameter is the class, which may not equal element.getClass 
        * for primitives.
        *
        * @param array  the array to add the element to, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the new object
        * @param element  the object to add
        * @param clss the type of the element being added
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements and the new element
        */
       private static Object add(Object array, int index, Object element, Class clss) {
           if (array == null) {
               if (index != 0) {
                   throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: " + index + ", Length: 0");
               }
               Object joinedArray = Array.newInstance(clss, 1);
               Array.set(joinedArray, 0, element);
               return joinedArray;
           }
           int length = Array.getLength(array);
           if (index > length || index < 0) {
               throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: " + index + ", Length: " + length);
           }
           Object result = Array.newInstance(clss, length + 1);
           System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, 0, index);
           Array.set(result, index, element);
           if (index < length) {
               System.arraycopy(array, index, result, index + 1, length - index);
           }
           return result;
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.remove(["a"], 0)           = []
        * ArrayUtils.remove(["a", "b"], 0)      = ["b"]
        * ArrayUtils.remove(["a", "b"], 1)      = ["a"]
        * ArrayUtils.remove(["a", "b", "c"], 1) = ["a", "c"]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static Object[] remove(Object[] array, int index) {
           return (Object[]) remove((Object) array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the
        * specified array. All subsequent elements are shifted to the left 
        * (substracts one from their indices). If the array doesn't contains
        * such an element, no elements are removed from the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the first occurrence of the specified element. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(null, "a")            = null
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([], "a")              = []
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(["a"], "b")           = ["a"]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(["a", "b"], "a")      = ["b"]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(["a", "b", "a"], "a") = ["b", "a"]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the first
        *         occurrence of the specified element.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static Object[] removeElement(Object[] array, Object element) {
           int index = indexOf(array, element);
           if (index == -1) {
               return clone(array);
           } 
           return remove(array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.remove([true], 0)              = []
        * ArrayUtils.remove([true, false], 0)       = [false]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([true, false], 1)       = [true]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([true, true, false], 1) = [true, false]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean[] remove(boolean[] array, int index) {
           return (boolean[]) remove((Object) array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the
        * specified array. All subsequent elements are shifted to the left 
        * (substracts one from their indices). If the array doesn't contains
        * such an element, no elements are removed from the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the first occurrence of the specified element. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(null, true)                = null
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([], true)                  = []
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([true], false)             = [true]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([true, false], false)      = [true]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([true, false, true], true) = [false, true]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the first
        *         occurrence of the specified element.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static boolean[] removeElement(boolean[] array, boolean element) {
           int index = indexOf(array, element);
           if (index == -1) {
               return clone(array);
           } 
           return remove(array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.remove([1], 0)          = []
        * ArrayUtils.remove([1, 0], 0)       = [0]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([1, 0], 1)       = [1]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([1, 0, 1], 1)    = [1, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static byte[] remove(byte[] array, int index) {
           return (byte[]) remove((Object) array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the
        * specified array. All subsequent elements are shifted to the left 
        * (substracts one from their indices). If the array doesn't contains
        * such an element, no elements are removed from the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the first occurrence of the specified element. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(null, 1)        = null
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([], 1)          = []
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1], 0)         = [1]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1, 0], 0)      = [1]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1, 0, 1], 1)   = [0, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the first
        *         occurrence of the specified element.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static byte[] removeElement(byte[] array, byte element) {
           int index = indexOf(array, element);
           if (index == -1) {
               return clone(array);
           } 
           return remove(array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.remove(['a'], 0)           = []
        * ArrayUtils.remove(['a', 'b'], 0)      = ['b']
        * ArrayUtils.remove(['a', 'b'], 1)      = ['a']
        * ArrayUtils.remove(['a', 'b', 'c'], 1) = ['a', 'c']
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static char[] remove(char[] array, int index) {
           return (char[]) remove((Object) array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the
        * specified array. All subsequent elements are shifted to the left 
        * (substracts one from their indices). If the array doesn't contains
        * such an element, no elements are removed from the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the first occurrence of the specified element. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(null, 'a')            = null
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([], 'a')              = []
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(['a'], 'b')           = ['a']
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(['a', 'b'], 'a')      = ['b']
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(['a', 'b', 'a'], 'a') = ['b', 'a']
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the first
        *         occurrence of the specified element.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static char[] removeElement(char[] array, char element) {
           int index = indexOf(array, element);
           if (index == -1) {
               return clone(array);
           } 
           return remove(array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.remove([1.1], 0)           = []
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2.5, 6.0], 0)      = [6.0]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2.5, 6.0], 1)      = [2.5]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2.5, 6.0, 3.8], 1) = [2.5, 3.8]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static double[] remove(double[] array, int index) {
           return (double[]) remove((Object) array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the
        * specified array. All subsequent elements are shifted to the left 
        * (substracts one from their indices). If the array doesn't contains
        * such an element, no elements are removed from the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the first occurrence of the specified element. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(null, 1.1)            = null
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([], 1.1)              = []
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1.1], 1.2)           = [1.1]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1.1, 2.3], 1.1)      = [2.3]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1.1, 2.3, 1.1], 1.1) = [2.3, 1.1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the first
        *         occurrence of the specified element.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static double[] removeElement(double[] array, double element) {
           int index = indexOf(array, element);
           if (index == -1) {
               return clone(array);
           } 
           return remove(array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.remove([1.1], 0)           = []
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2.5, 6.0], 0)      = [6.0]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2.5, 6.0], 1)      = [2.5]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2.5, 6.0, 3.8], 1) = [2.5, 3.8]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static float[] remove(float[] array, int index) {
           return (float[]) remove((Object) array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the
        * specified array. All subsequent elements are shifted to the left 
        * (substracts one from their indices). If the array doesn't contains
        * such an element, no elements are removed from the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the first occurrence of the specified element. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(null, 1.1)            = null
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([], 1.1)              = []
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1.1], 1.2)           = [1.1]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1.1, 2.3], 1.1)      = [2.3]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1.1, 2.3, 1.1], 1.1) = [2.3, 1.1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the first
        *         occurrence of the specified element.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static float[] removeElement(float[] array, float element) {
           int index = indexOf(array, element);
           if (index == -1) {
               return clone(array);
           } 
           return remove(array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.remove([1], 0)         = []
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2, 6], 0)      = [6]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2, 6], 1)      = [2]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2, 6, 3], 1)   = [2, 3]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int[] remove(int[] array, int index) {
           return (int[]) remove((Object) array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the
        * specified array. All subsequent elements are shifted to the left 
        * (substracts one from their indices). If the array doesn't contains
        * such an element, no elements are removed from the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the first occurrence of the specified element. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(null, 1)      = null
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([], 1)        = []
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1], 2)       = [1]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1, 3], 1)    = [3]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1, 3, 1], 1) = [3, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the first
        *         occurrence of the specified element.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static int[] removeElement(int[] array, int element) {
           int index = indexOf(array, element);
           if (index == -1) {
               return clone(array);
           } 
           return remove(array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.remove([1], 0)         = []
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2, 6], 0)      = [6]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2, 6], 1)      = [2]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2, 6, 3], 1)   = [2, 3]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static long[] remove(long[] array, int index) {
           return (long[]) remove((Object) array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the
        * specified array. All subsequent elements are shifted to the left 
        * (substracts one from their indices). If the array doesn't contains
        * such an element, no elements are removed from the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the first occurrence of the specified element. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(null, 1)      = null
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([], 1)        = []
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1], 2)       = [1]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1, 3], 1)    = [3]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1, 3, 1], 1) = [3, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the first
        *         occurrence of the specified element.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static long[] removeElement(long[] array, long element) {
           int index = indexOf(array, element);
           if (index == -1) {
               return clone(array);
           } 
           return remove(array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.remove([1], 0)         = []
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2, 6], 0)      = [6]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2, 6], 1)      = [2]
        * ArrayUtils.remove([2, 6, 3], 1)   = [2, 3]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static short[] remove(short[] array, int index) {
           return (short[]) remove((Object) array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the
        * specified array. All subsequent elements are shifted to the left 
        * (substracts one from their indices). If the array doesn't contains
        * such an element, no elements are removed from the array.</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the first occurrence of the specified element. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <pre>
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement(null, 1)      = null
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([], 1)        = []
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1], 2)       = [1]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1, 3], 1)    = [3]
        * ArrayUtils.removeElement([1, 3, 1], 1) = [3, 1]
        * </pre>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may be <code>null</code>
        * @param element  the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the first
        *         occurrence of the specified element.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       public static short[] removeElement(short[] array, short element) {
           int index = indexOf(array, element);
           if (index == -1) {
               return clone(array);
           } 
           return remove(array, index);
       }
       
       /**
        * <p>Removes the element at the specified position from the specified array.
        * All subsequent elements are shifted to the left (substracts one from
        * their indices).</p>
        *
        * <p>This method returns a new array with the same elements of the input
        * array except the element on the specified position. The component 
        * type of the returned array is always the same as that of the input 
        * array.</p>
        *
        * <p>If the input array is <code>null</code>, an IndexOutOfBoundsException
        * will be thrown, because in that case no valid index can be specified.</p>
        * 
        * @param array  the array to remove the element from, may not be <code>null</code>
        * @param index  the position of the element to be removed
        * @return A new array containing the existing elements except the element
        *         at the specified position.
        * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is out of range 
        * (index < 0 || index >= array.length), or if the array is <code>null</code>.
        * @since 2.1
        */
       private static Object remove(Object array, int index) {
           int length = getLength(array);
           if (index < 0 || index >= length) {
               throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: " + index + ", Length: " + length);
           }
           
           Object result = Array.newInstance(array.getClass().getComponentType(), length - 1);
           System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, 0, index);
           if (index < length - 1) {
               System.arraycopy(array, index + 1, result, index, length - index - 1);
           }
           
           return result;
       }
       
       /**
        * 
        * @param objs
        * @param obj
        * @return 
        */
       static public int equalsSearch(Object[] objs, Object obj)
       {
           if (objs==null) return -1 ;
           for (int i = 0, iLength = objs.length; i < iLength; i++)
           {
               if (obj.equals(objs[i]) ) return i ;
           }
           return -1 ;
       }
       
       static public int memorySearch(Object[] objs, Object obj)
       {
           for (int i = 0, iLength = objs.length; i < iLength; i++)
           {
               if (obj==objs[i]) return i ;
           }
           return -1 ;
       }
       /**
        * 
        * @param intArray
        * @param n
        * @return 
        */
       static public int memorySearch(int[] intArray, int n)
       {
           for (int i = 0, iLength = intArray.length; i < iLength; i++)
           {
               if (n==intArray[i]) return i ;
           }
           return -1 ;
       }
       
       /**
        * 
        * @param sourceStr
        * @param token
        * @param demil
        * @return
        * @see StringTokenizer 
        */
       static public boolean tokenAt(String sourceStr , String token, String demil)
       {
           for (StringTokenizer s = new StringTokenizer(sourceStr, demil); s.hasMoreTokens();)
           {
               String tmp = s.nextToken();
               if (tmp.equals(token))
               {
                   return true ;
               }
           }
           return false ;
       }
       
       /**
        * 
        * @param srcArray
        * @param decArray  
        */
       static public void copyArray(Object[] srcArray ,Object[] decArray) 
       {
           if (srcArray.length < decArray.length)
               System.arraycopy(srcArray,0,decArray,0,srcArray.length);
           else 
               System.arraycopy(srcArray,0,decArray,0,decArray.length);
       }
       
    /**
     * @param array
     * @return
     *      */
    static public Integer[] intArray2IntegerArray(int[] array)
       {
           Integer[] result = new Integer[array.length] ;
           for (int i = 0; i < result.length; i++)
           {
               result[i] = new Integer(array[i]);
           }
           return result ;
       }
       
    /**
     * 
     * @param commaText
     * @return 
     */
    static public int[] commaText2IntegerArray(String commaText)
       {
           StringTokenizer s = new StringTokenizer(commaText, ",");
           ArrayList list = new ArrayList(10); 
           while (s.hasMoreElements())
           {
               String tmp = s.nextToken();
               try 
               {
                   list.add( new Integer(tmp));
               }
               catch (NumberFormatException e)
               {
                   // skip it 
               }
           }
           int[] result = new int[list.size()];
           for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++)
           {
              result[i] = ((Integer) list.get(i)).intValue(); 
           }
           return result ;
       }

    /**
     * 
     * @param commaText
     * @return long
     */
    static public long[] commaText2LongArray(String commaText)
    {
        StringTokenizer s = new StringTokenizer(commaText, ",");
        ArrayList list = new ArrayList(10); 
        while (s.hasMoreElements())
        {
            String tmp = s.nextToken();
            list.add( tmp);
        }
        long[] result = new long[list.size()];
        for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++)
        {
           result[i] = Long.parseLong((String)list.get(i)); 
        }
        return result ;
    }

       /**
        * 
        *
        * @param str
        * @return
        * @see StringTokenizer
        */
       public static String[] split(String str) {
           return split(str, DEFAULT_SPLIT_CHARS) ;
       }

       /**
        * 
        *
        * @param str
        * @param delim
        * @return
        */
       public static String[] split(String str, String delim) {
           StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(str, delim);
           int n = st.countTokens();
           String[] strs = new String[n];

           for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
               strs[i] = st.nextToken();
           return strs;
       }
       /**
        * 
        * @param srcArray
        * @param startIndex
        * @param length
        * @return
        */
    public static final int[] subArray(int[] srcArray, int startIndex, int length)
    {
        int[] result = new int[length] ; 
        System.arraycopy(srcArray, startIndex, result, 0, length);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @param srcArray 
     * @param startIndex
     * @param length
     * @return
     */
    public static final Object[] subArray(Object[] srcArray, int startIndex, int length )
    {
        
        final Object[] subSections = (Object[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(
                srcArray.getClass().getComponentType(), length);
        System.arraycopy(srcArray, startIndex, subSections, 0, length);
        return subSections ;
    }
    
    /**
     * 
     * @param sourceArray
     * @param dumpOut
     */
    public static final void putIntoCollection(Object[] sourceArray, Collection dumpOut)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < sourceArray.length; i++)
        {
            dumpOut.add(sourceArray[i]);
        }
    }


    /**
     * @param source
     * @param addItem
     * @return 
        * 
        */
       public final  static Object[] addArrayItem(Object[] source , Object addItem )
       {
            int size = source.length;
            
               Object[]  newResult =  (Object[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(
                    source.getClass().getComponentType(), size+1);

               System.arraycopy(source, 0, newResult ,0, size);
               newResult[size] = addItem;
               return newResult ;
       }

    
       public static final String DEFAULT_SPLIT_CHARS = "\n\r\t\f,;| ";
       
       public static final String SPACE_CHARS = "\n\r\t\f";
       
       public static final String LIST_SEPARATOR_CHARS = ",;|";

}
